Rachiyta Book

   Process Management:- Whenever a process or program need to be executed it is required to be loaded in to the main memory. For this purpose the process is divided into parts known as block. Block :-Block is the amount of the memory which is transferred in one attends of read or writes to the disk. Every process is of different size & process shows different attributes. It also known as ID-card for process . Process Control Block :-For the management of process & additional block is added to every process known as process control block. A PCB is a formatted block which contains following information about the process:- ·           Process ID. ·          Nature of process. ·          Size of process. ·          Address of the first block of process. ·          Resources re...

  Loop Construct:-  Repeat execution. Types of Loop:- for loop while loop do-while loop For loop in C A for loop is a more efficient loop structure in 'C' programming. The general structure of for loop syntax in C is as follows: Syntax of For Loop in C: for (initial value; condition; incrementation or decrementation ) { statements; } The initial value of the for loop is performed only once. The condition is a Boolean expression that tests and compares the counter to a fixed value after each iteration, stopping the for loop when false is returned. The incrementation/decrementation increases (or decreases) the counter by a set value. Do-While loop in C A do...while loop in C is similar to the while loop except that the condition is always executed after the body of a loop. It is also called an exit-controlled loop. Syntax of do while loop in C programming language is as follows: Syntax of Do-While Loop in C: do { statements } while (expression); As we saw in a while loop, ...

   Print Fibonacci series :- Input:- #include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,i,first=0,second=1,sum=0; clrscr(); cout<<"Enter any number:-"; cin>>n; cout<<"Print Fibonacci series:-\n"; for(i=0;i<=n;i++) { if(i==1) { sum=i; } else { sum=first+second; first=second; second=sum; } cout<<sum; } getch(); } Output:- Enter any number:-50 Print Fibonacci series:- 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

   Executing the program:- Executing a program written in c or c++ involve a series of steps. These are:-                  Creating a program;         2.      Compiling the program; 3.                 3.        Linking the program with functions that are needed from                    The C or C++ library and 4.        4.           Executing the program. Figure illustrates the process of creating, compiling and executing a program. Although these steps remain the same irrespective of the operating system, system commands for implementing the steps and conventions for naming files may differ on different system. An operating system is a program that control the entire operation of a computer system. All input/output operat...

  What is Variables? Which value can be changed the execution of program  that is called  variables .  A  variable  is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our programs can manipulate. Each  variable in C  has a specific type, which determines the size and layout of the  variable's  memory; the range of values that can be stored within that memory; and the set of operations that can be applied to the  variable . Types of Variables char :- Single character variable store one character of information. int :- its store whole number values. float :- floating point variables store real numbers. double :- store very large or very small real numbers. Constant:-  Which can not be changed during the execution of program that is called constant. Key words:-  In C language keywords have some special meaning that is used by system(compile) keywords meaning cannot be changed. if break for while do-while int string ...

   What is C language:- C  is a high level language, developed by  Dennis Ritchie  at   Bell laboratory  in  1972 . C language is considered as the mother language of all the modern programming languages because  most of the compilers, JVMs, Kernels, etc. are written in C language , and most of the programming languages follow C syntax, for example, C++, Java, C#, etc. Syntax of C:- #include<stdio.h> void main() { variable declaration part (int, char, float, etc) clrscr(); (for clear screen) statements; getch(); ( I t can be used to hold program execution ) } for output we write  printf. for input we write  scanf. for example print your name:- #include<stdio.h> void main() { clrscr(); printf("xyz"); getch(); } then, your name will be printed. also for compile use:-  alt+f9,  run use :-  ctrl+f9 .

                                                                    Data Structure The logical and mathematical method is used for organized the data in main memory that is called Data Structure. Data Structure  can be  defined  as the group of  data  elements which provides an efficient way of storing and organizing  data  in the computer so that it can be used efficiently. Some  examples  of  Data Structures  are arrays, Linked List, Stack, Queue, etc.   Classification of Data Structure  classification of DS       Primitive Data Structure These are the basic structure and one directory operated by machine instruction.   Example:- Integer, Float, Character, Pointer, etc Non-primitive Data Structu...

  Beginning with C++ It is high level language, user make computer program in this language. It is object oriented programming language. C++ uses  Object inheritance Data hiding Encapsulation Massage passing A program can be compile by (Shift+f9), and run by (ctrl+f9). A C++ program is written in  C++  text edition before compiling & runing the program a user should save if by a programming with extension (.cpp). f2 Funtion key used to save the program. OOP's Concept       Example of C++ program:- #include<iostream.h> void main() { cout<<"Hello Students"; } Above is a program example, this program will print "Hello Students" on the  computer screen. The meaning of the words/terms used in above  C++ program :- # :- Preprocessor directive include :- Command < :- Angular bracket (open) iostream :- Input/output stream header file > :- Angular bracket (close) void :- Return type main() :- This is parent functio...