Rachiyta Book

 Types of Attributes:- Simple Attribute:-  The attributes that cannot be further divided in to smaller part an represents the basic meaning is called a simple attributes. Eg:- Age attributes of person entity represent a simple attribute. Composite Attribute:-  Attribute that can be further divided into smaller unit & each individual unit contains a specific meaning. Eg:- Name attribute of an employ can be sub divided. Multivalued Attribute:-  Attribute that have more than one values for a particular entity is called a multivalued attributes. Eg:- Phone no. for a person entity is a multivalued entity. Stored Attributes:-  Attribute that are directly stored attribute. Eg:- Date of joining attributes of employ entity.  Single valued attribute:-  Attribute having a single value for a particular entity. Eg:- Age is an single valued attribute of a student entity. Derived Attribute:-  Attributes are not stored directly but  can be derived from s...

 E-R Model (Entity-Relationship Model) :- It a  high level conceptual data model.  It allows us to describe the data involved in a real world inter price , in terms of objects & there relationship. It is validly used to developed an initial design of data base it provides a set of useful concepts that make it convenient for a developer. It describes data as a collection of entities relationship & attributes. Entities:- An entities is an object of consult used to represent the things in the real word. Eg:- Car, Table, etc. An entity need not be a physical entity it can also represent a concept in real words. Eg:- Project, Loan, etc. Entity Set:- A collection of similar kind of entities is called an entity set all entity type -> In college  database students, faculty, Course & Department are consort of check. The collection of all the students similarly collection of all course from an entity set course. Entity Identifier key attributes:- An entity type ...

   Structure of Data Base Management System:-          The measure components of DBMS described below:- Data Manager:-  It is the central software component of the DBMS. It is some times called database control system. Main function of the data manager is to convert operation in the user queries directly via the query processor or indirectly by an application program from the user logical view to a physical file system the data manager is also responsible for interfacing with the file system. The tasks of informing constraints to maintain the consistently and integrity of the data as well as its securely are also performed by data manager backup & recovery operations are  also performed by data manager. File Manager:- It is responsible for the structure of file & managing the file space it is also responsible for location the block containing the required record. Disk Manager:- The manager is a part of operating system of the host com...

   DATA BASE MANAGEMENT (DBA) Centralized control of the database is achieved by a person or group of persons under the super version of a high level administration this person or group is refer to as the data base administration. DBA is responsible for creating, modified & maintaining, its 3 level. The DBA is the causation of the data & controls database structure. The DBA administrates the 3 level of database & in consultation with the overall user community setup the definition of conceptual level of the database The DBA further specifies the user view of the various users:- DBA is responsible for definition & implantation of the internal level including the storage structure & excess method to be used for the optimum performance of the DBMS. DBA is responsible for granting  permission to the users of the database & store the profile of each user in the database. This profile describe the permissible act of a user on that question of the databas...

   3 Level Architecture:- The architecture of DBMS is divided into three level:- The view at each of these is describe by a schema. A schema is an outline or a plane that describe the records & relationship existing in the view. External view (view A, view B, view C):-                                                           The external view is the highest level of data base abstraction. Where only those question of the data base of console to a user or application program are included any number of user views may exist for a given global or conceptual view.    2. Conceptual view:-                                               One conceptual view represent the entire database. This view...

   D.B.M.S Full form of D.B.M.S (Data Base Management System). it is use to organized data in any organized  persistent collection of data of an organization. The database of an enterprise.  File Base System:-                                           File based system are early used in any organization. The manual filing system work well when the number of items to be stored is small.  Limitation of file base system:- Duplication of data In consistence data Data  dependence Fixed queries Data:- Data is row fact in which after processing we get meaning full information. Advantages of D.B.M.S:- Improved Integrity Reduction of  redundancy Sharing of data Data  independence Efficient data

   Process Management:- Whenever a process or program need to be executed it is required to be loaded in to the main memory. For this purpose the process is divided into parts known as block. Block :-Block is the amount of the memory which is transferred in one attends of read or writes to the disk. Every process is of different size & process shows different attributes. It also known as ID-card for process . Process Control Block :-For the management of process & additional block is added to every process known as process control block. A PCB is a formatted block which contains following information about the process:- ·           Process ID. ·          Nature of process. ·          Size of process. ·          Address of the first block of process. ·          Resources re...

  Loop Construct:-  Repeat execution. Types of Loop:- for loop while loop do-while loop For loop in C A for loop is a more efficient loop structure in 'C' programming. The general structure of for loop syntax in C is as follows: Syntax of For Loop in C: for (initial value; condition; incrementation or decrementation ) { statements; } The initial value of the for loop is performed only once. The condition is a Boolean expression that tests and compares the counter to a fixed value after each iteration, stopping the for loop when false is returned. The incrementation/decrementation increases (or decreases) the counter by a set value. Do-While loop in C A do...while loop in C is similar to the while loop except that the condition is always executed after the body of a loop. It is also called an exit-controlled loop. Syntax of do while loop in C programming language is as follows: Syntax of Do-While Loop in C: do { statements } while (expression); As we saw in a while loop, ...

   Print Fibonacci series :- Input:- #include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,i,first=0,second=1,sum=0; clrscr(); cout<<"Enter any number:-"; cin>>n; cout<<"Print Fibonacci series:-\n"; for(i=0;i<=n;i++) { if(i==1) { sum=i; } else { sum=first+second; first=second; second=sum; } cout<<sum; } getch(); } Output:- Enter any number:-50 Print Fibonacci series:- 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

   Executing the program:- Executing a program written in c or c++ involve a series of steps. These are:-                  Creating a program;         2.      Compiling the program; 3.                 3.        Linking the program with functions that are needed from                    The C or C++ library and 4.        4.           Executing the program. Figure illustrates the process of creating, compiling and executing a program. Although these steps remain the same irrespective of the operating system, system commands for implementing the steps and conventions for naming files may differ on different system. An operating system is a program that control the entire operation of a computer system. All input/output operat...

  What is Variables? Which value can be changed the execution of program  that is called  variables .  A  variable  is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our programs can manipulate. Each  variable in C  has a specific type, which determines the size and layout of the  variable's  memory; the range of values that can be stored within that memory; and the set of operations that can be applied to the  variable . Types of Variables char :- Single character variable store one character of information. int :- its store whole number values. float :- floating point variables store real numbers. double :- store very large or very small real numbers. Constant:-  Which can not be changed during the execution of program that is called constant. Key words:-  In C language keywords have some special meaning that is used by system(compile) keywords meaning cannot be changed. if break for while do-while int string ...

   What is C language:- C  is a high level language, developed by  Dennis Ritchie  at   Bell laboratory  in  1972 . C language is considered as the mother language of all the modern programming languages because  most of the compilers, JVMs, Kernels, etc. are written in C language , and most of the programming languages follow C syntax, for example, C++, Java, C#, etc. Syntax of C:- #include<stdio.h> void main() { variable declaration part (int, char, float, etc) clrscr(); (for clear screen) statements; getch(); ( I t can be used to hold program execution ) } for output we write  printf. for input we write  scanf. for example print your name:- #include<stdio.h> void main() { clrscr(); printf("xyz"); getch(); } then, your name will be printed. also for compile use:-  alt+f9,  run use :-  ctrl+f9 .

                                                                    Data Structure The logical and mathematical method is used for organized the data in main memory that is called Data Structure. Data Structure  can be  defined  as the group of  data  elements which provides an efficient way of storing and organizing  data  in the computer so that it can be used efficiently. Some  examples  of  Data Structures  are arrays, Linked List, Stack, Queue, etc.   Classification of Data Structure  classification of DS       Primitive Data Structure These are the basic structure and one directory operated by machine instruction.   Example:- Integer, Float, Character, Pointer, etc Non-primitive Data Structu...